EPILEPSY. A COMPREHENSIVE TEXTBOOK. (3 VOLUME SET). 3RD EDITION

VOLUME I
• SECTION 1 • EPIDEMIOLOGY ANDPATHOLOGY OF SEIZURES AND EPILEPSY
1 Overview: Epidemiology and Pathology of Seizures and Epilepsy 1
2 Epilepsy: Historical Perspectives 3
3 Incidence and Prevalence of Seizures and Epilepsy 8
4 Epidemiology of Epilepsy in Low- and Middle-Income Countries 17
5 Etiology and Risk Factors for Seizures and Epilepsy 22
6 The Comorbidities in Epilepsy 32
7 Natural History and Prognosis of Epilepsy 45
8 Epidemiology of Acute Symptomatic Seizures 54
9 Seizure Precipitants 60
10 The Mortality of Epilepsy 66
11 General Neuropathology of Epilepsy 76
12 Neuropathology of Hippocampal Sclerosis 80
13 Neuropathology of Developmental Disorders
14 Neuropathology of Brain Tumors Associated With Epilepsy 105
15 Neuropathology of Vascular Lesions Associated With Epilepsy 123
• SECTION 2 • GENETICS IN EPILEPSY
16 Overview: Genetics in Epilepsy 141
17 Genetic Epidemiology in Epilepsy 142
18 Genetic Architecture of the Epilepsies 154
19 Single Gene Epilepsies 160
20 How to Interpret and Act on Clinical Exomes in Epilepsy 174
21 Familial Epilepsies in the First Year of Life 180
22 Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies 185
23 Genetic Generalized Epilepsies 199
24 Genetic Encephalopathies With Epilepsy as a Main Feature 211
25 Genetic Testing and Counseling for the Epilepsies 223
• SECTION 3 • NEUROBIOLOGY OF EPILEPSY
26 Overview: Neurobiology of Epilepsy 231
SUBSECTION 1 • NEURONS AND THEIR CIRCUITS RELEVANT TO EPILEPSIES
27 Transcriptional Channelopathies in Genetic and Acquired Epilepsies 232
28 Principal Cell Heterogeneity in Malformations of Cortical Development and Acquired Epilepsy 241
29 Mechanisms of Neuronal Excitation Leading to Synchrony 254
30 Interneuron Diversity in Epilepsy: Challenges and Progress 264
31 Mechanisms of Neuronal Inhibition Leading to Synchrony 277
32 Neurons and Circuits During Brain Development 286
33 Metabolism, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Epilepsy 295
34 Dendritic Mechanisms of Excitability 300
35 Thalamocortical Organization and Function:
36 Mechanisms of Seizure Initiation and Propagation 321
37 Seizures and Networks in the Human Focal Epilepsies: Beyond the Animal Models 335
38 Temporal Coordination: A Key to Understand Cognitive and Behavioral Deficits in Epilepsy 344
39 Epilepsy and Consciousness 361
SUBSECTION 2 • TECHNICAL AND CONCEPTUAL ADVANCES FOR EPILEPSY RESEARCH
40 Activating and Recording Neuronal Ensembles 377
41 Genetically Encoded Probes for Optical Measurement of Neuronal Excitability and Synchrony 390
42 Fast Rhythms in Epilepsies 397
43 Miniaturized Microscopy as a Tool to Track Neuronal Population Dynamics in Epilepsy Models 410
44 Seizure Control Through Closed-Loop Systems 423
45 Biomarkers 434
46 Comorbidities as Prognostic Factors for Epileptogenesis 454
47 Use of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in Epilepsy Research 465
SUBSECTION 3 • OTHER CONTRIBUTORS TO EXCESSIVE SYNCHRONY AND SEIZURES
48 Novel Roles of Myelination in Neural Circuit Plasticity and Implications for Epilepsy 482
49 Role of Dysfunctional Astrocytes in Epileptogenesis 495
50 Neurovascular Inflammation in Epilepsy 506
51 The Blood–Brain Barrier and Epilepsies 517
52 The mTOR Pathway in Epileptogenesis 523
53 Epigenetic Mechanisms in Epilepsy 533
54 Purinergic Signaling in Epilepsy 544
55 Neurotrophic Factors in Epilepsy 554
56 Neurogenesis in Epilepsy 563
57 Somatic Mosaicism in Focal Malformations of Cortical Development 575
58 The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis and Epilepsy 582
• SECTION 4 • TRANSLATIONAL AND CLINICAL BIOLOGY OF SEIZURES AND EPILEPSY
59 Overview: Translational and Clinical Biology of Seizures and Epilepsy 591
60 Refinement of Rodent Models of Seizures and Epilepsy 593
61 What do Models Model in Epilepsy? 600
62 Translational Epilepsy Research: Progress, Challenges, and Future 611
63 Age and Sex in the Neurobiology of Epilepsies in Animal Models 616
64 Gender in Clinical Biology of Epilepsy 632
65 Age and Clinical Biology of Epilepsy: Adults 637
66 Age and Clinical Biology of Epilepsy: Infants 644
67 Chronobiology of Epilepsy 650
68 Sleep and Epilepsy 669
69 Breathing and Autonomic Disturbances During Seizures 685
70 Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) 700
71 Stress and Epilepsy 716
72 Seizures and Epilepsy in General Medical Disorders 724
73 Medical Conditions in Children With Epilepsy 743
74 Neurodegenerative Disorders and Epileptogenesis 751
75 Anesthesia for Procedures in Patients With Epilepsy 762
76 Hormone Changes in Epilepsy 771
77 Effects of Hormones on Seizure Expression 779
78 Disorders of Reproduction and Fertility in Epilepsy 793
79 Sexuality in Epilepsy 806
80 Maternal Outcomes During Pregnancy in Women With Epilepsy 815
81 Consequences of Seizures 821
82 Drug Resistance in Epilepsy 832
• SECTION 5 • PHENOMENOLOGY OF SEIZURES
83 Overview: Phenomenology of Seizures 853
84 Classification of Epileptic Seizures 855
85 Awareness in Seizures 866
86 Automatisms in Seizures 872
87 Hyperkinetic Seizures 887
88 Autonomic Auras and Seizures 893
89 Cognitive Seizures 899
90 Affective Seizures 908
91 Neocortical Sensory Seizures 917
92 Typical Absence Seizures 928
93 Atypical Absence Seizures 941
94 Myoclonic Absence Seizures 951
95 Seizures With Eyelid Myoclonia 956
96 Atonic Seizures 963
97 Clonic Seizures 971
98 Epileptic Spasms 974
99 Myoclonic, Myoclonic–Atonic, and Myoclonic
100 T onic Seizures 1007
101 Generalized T onic–Clonic Seizures 1015
102 Behavioral Arrest in Seizures 1023
103 Neonatal Seizures 1027
104 Localizing and Lateralizing Value of Seizure Phenomenology 1043
105 Status Epilepticus: Phenomenology and Pathophysiology 1050

VOLUME II
• SECTION 6 • DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION OF SEIZURES AND EPILEPSY
106 Overview: Diagnostic Evaluation in Epilepsy 1057
107 History and Physical Examination in Epilepsy 1059
108 Epilepsy Informatics 1065
109 Laboratory Etiological Screening for Seizures 1074
110 Physiological Basis of the Electroencephalogram and Local Field Potentials 1081
111 Video-EEG Technologies, Montages, and Postprocessing in Epilepsy 1095
112 Interictal Electroencephalography 1100
113 Ictal Electroencephalography 1117
114 Polygraphic Recordings in Epilepsy 1131
115 Home-Video EEG Monitoring in Epilepsy 1156
116 Standardized EEG Reporting 1164
117 Electroencephalography in the Intensive Care Unit 1168
118 Long-Term Monitoring in the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit 1182
119 Drug Withdrawal and Other Activating Techniques in Epilepsy 1192
120 Electroencephalography and Magnetoencephalography Postprocessing in Epilepsy: Mapping, Source Imaging, and Dynamic Analysis 1199
121 Quantitative EEG Analysis and Automatic Event Detection 1216
122 Structural Neuroimaging in Epilepsy 1228
123 Positron Emission Tomography in Epilepsy 1258
124 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography in Epilepsy 1285
125 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Epilepsy 1295
Jullie W. Pan, Ognen A. Petroff
126 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Epilepsy 1301
127 Seizure Prediction 1310
128 EEG- and Non–EEG-Based Wearable Devices for Seizure Detection 1330
129 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Epilepsy 1335
130 Neuropsychological Evaluation of Adults With Epilepsy 1345
131 Neuropsychological Evaluation of Children With Epilepsy 1356
• SECTION 7 • GENERAL TREATMENT CONSIDERATIONS IN EPILEPSY
132 Overview: General Approaches to Medical Treatment for Epilepsy 1361
133 When to Start Antiseizure Medication Therapy 1363
134 Management of Antiseizure Medication Initiation 1371
135 Matching Antiseizure Medications to the Patient 1376
136 Choice of Antiseizure Medications 1391
137 Measuring Treatment Response in the Epilepsy Clinic 1398
138 Self-Management Strategies in Epilepsy—Beyond Antiseizure Medications 1411
139 Pharmacist Roles in Interprofessional Team Care of People With Epilepsy and Approach to Care 1421
140 Pharmacokinetics of Antiseizure Medications 1429
141 Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Drug-Drug Interactions in Epilepsy 1452
142 Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Epilepsy 1469
143 Dose-Related Side Effects of Antiseizure Medications 1486
144 Idiosyncratic Adverse Reactions from Antiseizure Medications 1494
145 Long-Term Adverse Effects of Antiseizure Medications 1507
146 Gender Issues For Drug Treatment in Epilepsy 1512
147 Managing Antiseizure Medications Through Contraception and Pregnancy 1518
148 Antiseizure Medications and Structural Teratogenesis 1524
149 Neurodevelopmental Effects of Antiseizure Medications 1540
150 Drug Treatment in Children With Epilepsy 1550
151 Drug Treatment in Adolescents With Epilepsy 1562
152 Transition from Pediatric to Adult Care for People With Epilepsy 1569
153 Diagnosis and Treatment of Epilepsy in the Older Adult 1577
154 Treatment Adherence in Epilepsy 1588
155 Discontinuation of Antiseizure Medications 1598
156 Routine Monitoring for Safety and Tolerability During Chronic Treatment With Antiseizure Medications 1604
157 Combination Pharmacotherapy in Epilepsy 1613
158 Treatment of Single and Infrequent Seizures 1618
159 Treatment of Neonatal Seizures 1627
160 Febrile Seizures and Fever-Related Seizures 1639
161 Strategies When Treatments Fail in People With Epilepsy 1648
162 Managing Epilepsy in Patients With Medical Comorbidities 1654
163 Prevention and Treatment of Provoked Seizures 1668
164 Ketogenic Diets for Epilepsy 1678
165 Reproductive Hormonal Treatment for Epilepsy 1689
166 Psycho-Behavioral Therapies in Epilepsy 1699
167 Complementary and Alternative Medical Therapies for Epilepsy 1707
• SECTION 8 • ANTISEIZURE MEDICATIONS
168 Overview: Antiseizure Medications 1715
169 Epilepsy Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics 1718
170 Screening of New Compounds and the Role of the
171 Investigational Drugs in Epilepsy 1749
172 Clinical Trials of Antiseizure Medications in Adults and Children 1771
173 Seizure Rescue Therapy 1783
174 Adrenocorticotropic Hormone and Steroids in Epilepsy 1791
175 Brivaracetam 1801
176 Cannabidiol and Other Phytocannabinoids in Epilepsy 1813
177 Carbamazepine 1819
178 Cenobamate 1831
179 Clobazam and Other Benzodiazepines for Chronic Use 1840
180 Eslicarbazepine Acetate 1849
181 Ethosuximide 1865
182 Everolimus in Epilepsy 1870
183 Felbamate 1886
184 Fenfluramine 1895
185 Immunotherapy in Epilepsy 1901
186 Lacosamide 1911
187 Lamotrigine 1918
188 Levetiracetam 1931
189 Oxcarbazepine 1947
190 Perampanel 1953
191 Phenobarbital and Barbiturate Prodrugs 1963
192 Phenytoin, Fosphenytoin, and Other Hydantoins 1975
193 Pregabalin 1996
194 Retigabine/Ezogabine 2009
195 Rufinamide 2017
196 Stiripentol 2029
197 T iagabine 2039
198 T opiramate 2046
199 Trimethadione, Paraldehyde, Phenacemide, Bromides, Sulthiame, Acetazolamide, and Methsuximide 2057
200 V alproic Acid 2072
201 V igabatrin 2086
202 Zonisamide 2097

VOLUME III
• SECTION 9 • SURGICAL THERAPYFOR EPILEPSY
203 Overview: Surgical Therapy for Epilepsy 2109
204 A Brief History of Epilepsy Surgery 2112
205 Indications and Criteria for Epilepsy Surgery in Children 2123
206 Indications and Criteria for Epilepsy Surgery in Adults 2131
207 Patterns of Epilepsy Surgery Referrals and Epilepsy Surgical Center Characteristics 2143
208 Presurgical Evaluation for Epilepsy: General Principles and Methods 2148
209 Intraoperative Electrocorticography in Epilepsy 2159
210 Intraoperative Functional Mapping in Epilepsy 2175
211 Extraoperative Procedures With Invasive Electrodes in Epilepsy 2183
212 Intra-Arterial Anesthetic Procedures in Epilepsy 2209
213 EEG Biomarkers of Epileptogenic Region 2217
214 Invasive Monitoring Research Techniques in Epilepsy 2227
215 Anesthesia for Epilepsy Surgery 2242
216 Anterior Medial Temporal Resection for Epilepsy 2249
217 Neocortical Resections for Epilepsy 2263
218 Insular Resections for Epilepsy 2282
219 Hemispherectomy/Hemispherotomy and Multilobar Resections/Disconnections for Epilepsy 2286
220 Eloquent Cortex Surgery for Epilepsy 2327
221 Corpus Callosotomy for Epilepsy 2337
222 Electrical Stimulation Treatments for Epilepsy 2344
223 Ablative Procedures for Epilepsy: Laser Ablation, Stereotactic Radiosurgery, and Radiofrequency Ablation 2361
224 Epilepsy Surgery for Low-Grade Epilepsy Associated Tumors 2378
225 Epilepsy Surgery for Malformations of Cortical Development 2389
226 Epilepsy Surgery for Vascular Lesions 2398
227 Results of Surgery for Posttraumatic Epilepsy 2411
228 Results of Epilepsy Surgery in Patients With Non-Lesional MRI 2418
229 Surgery for Cerebral Infectious and Post-Encephalitic Epilepsy 2424
230 Surgery for Rasmussen Encephalitis 2437
231 Epilepsy Surgery for Hypothalamic Hamartomas 2445
232 Measuring Epilepsy Surgery Outcomes 2450
233 Adverse Effects of Epilepsy Surgery 2460
234 Pre- and Postoperative Rehabilitation in Epilepsy Surgery 2468
235 Antiseizure Medication Withdrawal After Epilepsy Surgery 2483
236 Reoperation for Epilepsy 2489
• SECTION 10 • PSYCHIATRIC ISSUES IN EPILEPSY
237 Overview: Psychiatric Issues in Epilepsy 2499
238 What Is a Psychiatric Symptom in Patients With Epilepsy? 2502
239 Epidemiologic Aspects of Psychiatric Comorbidities in Epilepsy 2505
240 Why Should Neurologists Care About Psychiatric Comorbidities in Patients With Epilepsy and the Obstacles for Their Care? 2513
241 Neurobiological Aspects of Epileptic Comorbidities: A Review of the Experimental Data 2518
242 Mood Disorders in Adults With Epilepsy 2529
243 Suicidality and Epilepsy 2546
244 Aggressive Disorders in Epilepsy 2554
245 Anxiety Disorders in Adults With Epilepsy 2562
246 Psychotic Disorders in Epilepsy 2578
247 Personality and Personality Disorders in Epilepsy 2588
248 Intellectual Disabilities in Epilepsy 2598
249 Autism and Epilepsy 2607
250 Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Pediatric Patients With Epilepsy 2612
251 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Epilepsy 2625
252 Psychiatric Symptoms of Antiseizure Medications 2634
253 Psychiatric Iatrogenic Effects of Epilepsy Surgery 2640
254 Therapeutic Effects of Epilepsy Surgery on Presurgical Psychiatric Comorbidities 2649
255 Do Psychiatric Comorbid Disorders Have an Impact on Postsurgical Seizure Outcome? 2654
256 Cognitive Adverse Effects of Antiseizure Medications 2658
257 Pharmacologic Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders in Epilepsy: Basic Concepts 2665
258 Psychotherapy in Epilepsy 2672
259 The Use of Electroshock Therapy and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Patients With Epilepsy: Safety and Therapeutic Considerations 2680
260 Psychiatry and Residential Care in Epilepsy 2686
261 Overview: Social Issues in Epilepsy 2696
262 Social Aspects in Epilepsy: Epilepsy Stigma and Quality of Life 2700
263 Quality of Life in Children With Epilepsy 2711
264 Quality of Life in Adults With Epilepsy 2719
265 Self/Family Management in Pediatric Epilepsy: Overview and Utility in Routine Pediatric Epilepsy Care 2724
266 Self-Management Programs for Adults With Epilepsy 2733
267 Psychosocial Care Needs and Community Resources for People With Epilepsy 2746
268 The Range of Needs and Services in Vocational Rehabilitation in People With Epilepsy 2757
269 Epilepsy and Transition of Care 2771
270 Enhancing School Functioning and the School-to-Work Transition in Children With Epilepsy 2779
271 Issues in Health Outcomes Assessment in Epilepsy 2792
272 Legal Concerns and Effective Advocacy Strategies in Epilepsy 2803
• SECTION 11 • EPILEPSY SYNDROMES
273 Overview: Introduction to Epilepsy Syndromes 2811
274 Introduction to the Classification of Epilepsy 2813
275 Self-Limited (Familial) Neonatal Epilepsy 2817
276 Early Myoclonic Encephalopathy 2827
277 Ohtahara Syndrome 2832
278 Self-Limited (Familial) Infantile Epilepsy 2838
279 Epilepsy of Infancy With Migrating Focal Seizures 2844
280 Infantile Epileptic Spasms Syndrome 2852
281 Dravet Syndrome 2863
282 Myoclonic Epilepsies in Infancy and Early Childhood 2870
283 Hemiconvulsion-Hemiplegia-Epilepsy Syndrome 2877
284 Self-Limited Epilepsy With Centrotemporal Spikes 2884
285 Childhood Occipital Visual Epilepsy and Self-Limited Epilepsy With Autonomic Seizures 2894
286 Childhood and Juvenile Absence Epilepsies 2907
287 Epilepsy With Myoclonic Absences 2920
288 Lennox–Gastaut Syndrome 2924
289 Encephalopathy Related to Status Epilepticus During Slow Sleep (ESES) Including Landau Kleffner Syndrome 2936
290 Rasmussen Syndrome 2948
291 Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy 2974
292 Generalized Tonic–Clonic Seizures Alone and Epilepsy With Generalized Tonic–Clonic Seizures on Awakening 2981
293 Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy With Hippocampal Sclerosis 2988
294 Familial Temporal Lobe Epilepsies 2994
295 Familial Frontal Lobe Epilepsies and Familial Focal Epilepsy With Variable Foci 3003
296 Gelastic Seizures and Hypothalamic Hamartomas 3013
297 Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsies 3019
298 Posttraumatic Seizures 3028
299 Isolated Seizures 3043
300 Genetic Epilepsy With Febrile Seizures Plus 3052
301 Reflex Epilepsies 3057
302 Malformations of Cortical Development in Epilepsy 3064
303 Chromosomal Abnormalities in Epilepsy 3071
304 Inherited Metabolic Disorders and Epilepsy 3081
305 Mitochondrial Diseases and Epilepsy 3098
306 Seizures in Neonatal Hypoxic–Ischemic Encephalopathy 3110
307 Central Nervous System Tumors and Seizures: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management 3121
308 Infectious Diseases and Seizures or Epilepsy 3132
309 Acute Symptomatic Seizures Secondary to Autoimmune Encephalitis and Autoimmune-Associated Epilepsies 3143
310 Electrolyte, Sporadic Metabolic, and Endocrine Disorders in Epilepsy 3158
311 The Relationship of Alcohol and Substance Misuse/Abuse to Seizures and Epilepsy 3190
312 Disorders of Pregnancy in Epilepsy 3200
313 New-Onset Refractory Status Epilepticus and Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome 3205
• SECTION 12 • DISORDERS THAT CAN RESEMBLE EPILEPSY
314 Overview: Disorders that can Resemble Epilepsy 3223
315 Syncope Resembling Seizures 3225
316 Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Resembling Seizures 3237
317 Nonepileptic Neurologic Paroxysmal Disorders and Episodic Symptoms in Infants 3248
318 Migraine Resembling Seizures 3259
319 Cerebrovascular Disorders Resembling Seizures 3271
320 Sleep and Epilepsy: Seizure Mimics and Sleep 3285
321 Myoclonus and Myoclonic Syndromes 3294
322 Movement Disorders Resembling Seizures 3301
323 Movement Disorders: Dyskinesias 3308
324 Sensory Disorders Resembling Seizures 3317
325 Other Neurologic Events Resembling Epileptic Seizures 3323
326 Overview: Psychiatric Disturbances 3328
327 Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures in Adults 3330
328 Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures in Pediatric Patients 3342
329 Disorders of Impulse Control in Epilepsy 3346
330 Dissociative Disorders 3352
331 Panic Disorder and Hyperventilation Syndrome 3363
332 Obsessive-Compulsive Behavior 3375
333 Psychotic Symptoms Mimicking Epileptic Seizures 3380
• SECTION 13 • DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE¡ IN PEOPLE WITH EPILEPSY
334 Overview: Delivery of Health Care and Socioeconomic Issues in People With Epilepsy 3385
335 Epilepsy in Africa 3388
336 Epilepsy in Argentina 3393
337 Epilepsy in Asia 3397
338 Epilepsy in Brazil 3405
339 Epilepsy in Canada 3416
340 Epilepsy in the Caribbean 3421
341 Epilepsy in Chile 3428
342 Epilepsy in China 3436
343 Epilepsy in Cuba 3452
344 Epilepsy in the Czech Republic 3457
345 Epilepsy in Germany 3460
346 Epilepsy in India 3465
347 Epilepsy in Iran 3469
348 Epilepsy in Iraq 3474
349 Epilepsy in Latin America 3477
350 Epidemiology of Epilepsy in Latin America 3483
351 Epilepsy in Mexico 3488
352 Epilepsy in The Netherlands 3494
353 Epilepsy in Nigeria 3499
354 Epilepsy in the Russian Federation 3509
355 Epilepsy in Saudi Arabia 3513
356 Epilepsy in Scandinavia 3520
357 Epilepsy in Senegal 3530
358 Epilepsy in South Africa 3536
359 Epilepsy in South Korea 3545
360 Epilepsy in T unisia 3553
361 Epilepsy in T urkey 3562
362 Epilepsy in the United Kingdom 3565
363 Epilepsy in the United States of America 3574
364 Implementation Science for Epilepsy 3577
365 Social Media to Enhance Health Care Delivery and Education in Epilepsy 3583
Index I-1

Authoritative and updated, Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Textbook, 3rd Edition, contains 365 chapters that cover the full spectrum of relevant topics in biology, physiology, and clinical information, from molecular biology to public health concerns in developing countries. Written by world-renowned authorities and expertly edited by epileptologists Drs. Jerome Engel, Jr., Solomon L. Moshé, Aristea S. Galanopoulou, John M. Stern, Alexis Arzimanoglou, Jacqueline A. French, Renzo Guerrini, Andres M. Kanner, and Istvan Mody, this three-volume work includes detailed discussions of seizure types and epilepsy syndromes, relationships between physiology and clinical events, psychiatric and medical comorbidities, conditions that could be mistaken for epilepsy, and an increasing range of pharmacologic, surgical, and alternative therapies.

• Offers a thorough discussion of epileptic seizure types and epilepsy syndromes, reflecting the latest research and knowledge throughout
• Discusses major advances in the understanding of the basic mechanisms of epilepsy and seizures, including an expanded section on their genetic etiologies, their consequences and co-occurring conditions.
• Presents state-of-the-art approaches for the diagnostic evaluation of individuals with seizures, pharmacotherapy and alternative treatments, and extensive discussions of the new antiseizure medications for managing seizure intensity and frequency, along with their side effects
• Covers the latest developments in surgical approaches to treatment, including neuromodulation
• Discusses psychiatric issues associated with epilepsy and conditions resembling seizures.
• Presents the current state of global health care delivery for individuals with epilepsy
• Shares the knowledge and expertise of contributing authors from 48 countries and nearly 300 institutions

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