A BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF ENDOCRINOLOGY

Preface xxi
Chapter 1 Diabetes and the Ebers Papyrus (1552 B.C.E.) 1
Chapter 2 The Greek Myths and the First Physicians (1100 B.C.E.) 3
Chapter 3 Kos and Alexandria (400 B.C.E.–400 C.E.) – The First Human Anatomy 6
Chapter 4 Hippocrates (400 B.C.E) – Western Medicine Begins 11
Chapter 5 Aristotle (384–322 B.C.E.) – Experiments of Nature 17
Chapter 6 Soranus of Ephesus (98–138 C.E.) – Obstetrics and Gynecology 20
Chapter 7 Aretaeus of Cappadocia (First and Second Centuries C.E.) 23
Chapter 8 Galen (130–200) – The First “Human Anatomy” 28
Chapter 9 Avicenna (980–1037 C.E.) – Preservation of “Classical” Medicine 32
Chapter 10 Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564) – The Renaissance in Medicine 36
Chapter 11 Bartolomeo Eustachi (Eustachius) (1520–1574) – The Adrenal Gland 39
Chapter 12 Santorio Santorio (1561–1636) – Insensible Loss 41
Chapter 13 William Harvey (1578–1657) – The First Great Experiment, “De Motu Cordis” 44
Chapter 14 Thomas Wharton (1614–1673) – Codifying the Glands 49
Chapter 15 Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694) – The Capillary 55
Chapter 16 Richard Lower (1631–1691) – The Pituitary Gland 58
Chapter 17 Regnier de Graaf (1641–1673) – The Graafian Follicle 61
Chapter 18 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) – The First of the Great Microscopists 69
Chapter 19 John Hunter (1728–1793) – Embryology of the Hind 72
Chapter 20 Caleb Hillier Parry (1755–1822) – Thyrotoxicosis 77
Chapter 21 Thomas Addison (1795–1860) – Adrenal Insufficiency 82
Chapter 22 Robert James Graves (1796–1853) – Thyrotoxicosis 85
Chapter 23 Armand Trousseau (1801–1867) – Diabetes Insipidus 88
Chapter 24 Arnold Adolph Berthold (1803–1861) – Transplantation of Testes 91
Chapter 25 Claude Bernard (1813–1878) – The Discovery of Homeostasis and Internal Secretion 97
Chapter 26 Adolphe Chatin (1813–1901) – Iodine in the Prevention of Goiter 100
Chapter 27 Sir James Paget (1814–1899) – Osteitis Deformans 105
Chapter 28 Sir William Gull (1816–1890) – Adult Cretinism and “Jack the Ripper” 114
Chapter 29 Charles ]Edouard Brown ]Séquard (1817–1894) – Glandular Extract Therapy 123
Chapter 30 Franz Leydig (1821–1908) – Testosterone Secreting Cells 126
Chapter 31 Adolf Kussmaul (1822–1902) – Ketoacidosis 128
Chapter 32 Jean ]Martin Charcot (1825–1893) – Exophthalmic Goiter 130
Chapter 33 Jean Baptiste Boussingault (1802–1887) – Iodine and the Goiter 135
Chapter 34 Bernhard Naunyn (1839–1925) – Dietary Treatment of Diabetes 140
Chapter 35 Enrico Sertoli (1842–1910) – Gametes and the Testes 143
Chapter 36 William Osler (1849–1919) – Treatment of Addison’s Disease 145
Chapter 37 Emil Fischer (1852–1919) – The Stereochemical Nature of Sugars 150
Chapter 38 William Stewart Halsted (1852–1922) – Surgery of the Thyroid Gland 153
Chapter 39 Charles Eucharist de Medicis Sajous (1852–1929) – The First President of the Endocrine Society 160
Chapter 40 Pierre Marie (1853–1940) – Acromegaly 165
Chapter 41 Victor Horsley (1857–1916) – Treating Myxedema with Thyroid Extract 167
Chapter 42 Archibald Edward Garrod (1857–1936) – Orchronosis and Human Genetics 170
Chapter 43 John J. Abel (1857–1938) – Isolation of Hormones 174
Chapter 44 Oskar Minkowski (1858–1931) – Diabetes and the Pancreas 182
Chapter 45 Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1861–1947) – Vitamin(e)s and Biochemistry 184
Chapter 46 George R. Murray (1865–1939) – Treatment of Hypothyroidism 191
Chapter 47 William Bayliss and Ernest Starling (1860–1924) (1866–1927) – Molecular Messengers 195
Chapter 48 Harvey Williams Cushing (1869–1939) – Pituitary Basophilism 202
Chapter 49 Leo Loeb and Max Aron (1869–1959) (1892–1974) – Thyrotropin 207
Chapter 50 W.G. MacCallum (1874–1944) – Tetany and the Parathyroid Gland 212
Chapter 51 Moses Barron (1883–1974) – Pancreatic Duct Stone 216
Chapter 52 Frederick Grant Banting (1891–1941) – The Discovery of Insulin 220
Chapter 53 James Bertram Collip (1893–1965) – Isolation of Insulin 225
Chapter 54 Frederick Madison Allen (1879–1964) – The Diabetic Diet 229
Chapter 55 Elliott Proctor Joslin (1869–1962) – Insulin and the Treatment of Diabetes 231
Chapter 56 J.J.R. Macleod (1876–1935) – Discovery of Insulin 234
Chapter 57 Frederick L. Hisaw (1891–1972) – Relaxin 245
Chapter 58 Henry S. Plummer (1874–1936) – Toxic Nodular Thyroid Gland 251
Chapter 59 Henry H. Dale (1875–1968) – Catecholamines 256
Chapter 60 Robert McCarrison (1878–1960) – Iodine Deficiency and Goiter 264
Chapter 61 Hakaru Hashimoto (1881–1934) – His Disease 269
Chapter 62 Eugene F. DuBois (1882–1959) – Basal Metabolism and the Thyroid 274
Chapter 63 Herbert McLean Evans (1882–1971) – Pituitary Hormones 279
Chapter 64 Philip E. Smith (1884–1970) – Trophic Hormones of the Pituitary 284
Chapter 65 Edward C. Kendall (1886–1972) – Structures of Cortisol and Thyroxin 288
Chapter 66 David Marine (1880–1976) – Iodine and Goiter 292
Chapter 67 George Washington Corner (1889–1981) – Progesterone 297
Chapter 68 Henry H. Turner (1892–1970) – Gonadal Dysgenesis 302
Chapter 69 Ernest Basil Verney (1894–1967) – Vasopressin is a Hormone 306
Chapter 70 Gerty and Carl Cori (1896–1957) (1896–1984) – Glucose Metabolism and Lactic Acid 311
Chapter 71 Charles Robert Harington (1897–1972) – Synthesis of Thyroxine 316
Chapter 72 Dorothy Price and Carl Moore (1899–1980) (1892–1955) – Regulation of Gonadal Hormone Secretion 320
Chapter 73 Fuller Albright (1900–1969) – Uncharted Seas 325
Chapter 74 Charles Brenton Huggins (1901–1997) – Androgen Ablation Therapy for Prostate Cancer 331
Chapter 75 Vincent du Vigneaud (1901–1978) – Antidiuretic Hormone 333
Chapter 76 Russell Earl Marker (1902–1995) – The Mexican Yam 335
Chapter 77 Gregory Goodwin Pincus (1903–1967) – The Birth Control Pill 338
Chapter 78 G.F. Marrian (1904 –1981) – Isolation of Estrogens 344
Chapter 79 Berta and Ernst Scharrer (1906–1995) (1905–1965) – Concept of Neurosecretion 348
Chapter 80 Ulf Svante von Euler (1905–1983) – Neurosecretion of Norepinephrine 354
Chapter 81 Saul Hertz (1905–1950) – Radioactive Iodine and the Treatment of Graves’ Disease 360
Chapter 82 George Widmer Thorn (1906–2004) – The Treatment of Addison’s Disease 364
Chapter 83 Hans Hugo Bruno Selye (1907–1982) – Stress and the Endocrine System 368
Chapter 84 Jerome W. Conn (1907–1994) – Adrenal Mediated High Blood Pressure 371
Chapter 85 Frank G. Young (1908–1988) – The Pituitary Gland and Diabetes Mellitus 373
Chapter 86 Edwin B. Astwood (1909–1976) – Radioiodine Treatment for Thyrotoxicosis 379
Chapter 87 Roy Hertz (1909–2002) – Cure of Choriocarcinoma 384
Chapter 88 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910–1994) – The Structure of Insulin 387
Chapter 89 Harry F. Klinefelter (1912–1990) – Genetic Hypogonadism 390
Chapter 90 Julius Axelrod (1912–2004) – Epinephrine Synthesis, Secretion, and Reuptake 393
Chapter 91 Geoffrey W. Harris (1913–1967) – The Brain’s Control of the Pituitary Gland 399
Chapter 92 Frederic C. Bartter (1914–1983) – Disorders of “The Pump” 406
Chapter 93 Earl W. Sutherland (1915–1974) – Discovery of Cyclic AMP 411
Chapter 94 Maurice S. Raben (1915–1977) – The Treatment of Growth Hormone Deficiency 418
Chapter 95 Alfred Jost (1916–1991) – Sexual Ambiguity 424
Chapter 96 Robert Burns Woodward (1917–1979) – Synthesis of Cholesterol 426
Chapter 97 Sylvia Agnes Sophia Tait (1917–2003) – Steroid Metabolism 428
Chapter 98 Solomon Berson (1918–1972) – Radioimmunoassay 430
Chapter 99 Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921–2011) – Radioimmunoassay 433
Chapter 100 Mort Lipsett (1921–1984) – The Syndromes of Adrenal Insufficiency 436
Chapter 101 Griff Terry Ross (1921–1985) – The ß Subunit of hCG 439
Chapter 102 Grant Liddle (1921–1989) – Differential Diagnosis of Cushing’s Syndrome 442
Chapter 103 Monte Arnold Greer (1922–2002) – Thyroid Nodules 444
Chapter 104 Jacob Robbins (1923–2008) – Radiation ]Induced Thyroid Cancer 452
Chapter 105 Donald S. Fredrickson (1924–2002) – Lipid Dyscrasiasis 455
Chapter 106 John Doppman (1928–2000) – Interventional Radiology 458
Chapter 107 Gerald Aurbach (1927–1991) – Parathormone 461
Chapter 108 Roger Guillemin and Andrew Schally (1924–) (1926–) – The Hypothalamic ]Releasing Hormones 464
Criticism 469
Index 471

Establishing endocrinology as a distinct medical specialty was no easy task. This engaging volume chronicles the journey through the stories of the men –and occasional women—who shaped the specialty through the ages.
In 108 brief chapters, A Biographical History of Endocrinology illuminates the progress of endocrinology from Hippocrates to the modern day. The author highlights important leaders and their contributions to the field, including these early pioneers:

• Kos and Alexandria, and the first human anatomy
• Bartolomeo Eustachi and the adrenal gland
• Richard Lower and the pituitary gland
• Thomas Addison and adrenal insufficiency
• Franz Leydig and testosterone secreting cells
• Wiliam Stewart Halsted and surgery of the thyroid gland
• John J. Abel and isolation of hormones
• Hakaru Hashimoto and his disease

Covering all the watershed moments in the history of the profession, the book identifies key figures whose contributions remain relevant today. Their fascinating stories of experiments and studies, advocacy and adversity, and exploring unknown territory will inspire the next generation of endocrinologists and satisfy every clinician who ever wondered "how did we get here?"
This comprehensive yet concise biographical history of endocrinology will benefit not only practicing and prospective endocrinologists, but also other medical specialists and medical historians.

Author Information
Dr. Loriaux was born in Oklahoma and raised in Santa Fe New Mexico. He went to Colorado State University and spent two years in the CSU Veterinary school before transferring to Baylor College of Medicine as one of the first students in the Baylor MD/PhD program. He did his medical training at the Peter Bent Brigham hospital (nee Brigham and Women’s hospital). He completed his endocrine training at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda Maryland. He remained in Bethesda for 20 years, eventually becoming Chief of the Developmental Endocrinology branch, and Clinical Director of NICHD. In 1990, he moved to the Oregon Health and science University in Portland, first as head of the Endocrinology division, then as Chairman of the Department of Internal Medicine for 19 years. He is currently Chief of the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism at OHSU. Dr Loriaux was president of the Endocrine Society in 1995.